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Profit Per Employee by IBM CEO

Comparing IBM CEO Profit Per Employee

Published August 6, 2021
A slide with the heading
 IBM Chief Executive Officers' Profit (Net Income) Per Employee
Net income per employee is a common productivity metric that determines how effectively a corporation is managing its bottom line. It is an effective method to visualize management effectiveness over time. Though it is only one of many measures for considering the overall health of a corporation, this particular one—especially when evaluated over extended periods of time as in the 100+ year chart below—is effective in showing gains or losses in an organization’s management effectiveness.

Research should be done, though, to determine if the executive team used either aggressive bookkeeping or financial engineering to inflate its short-term profit productivity (and profits) at the expense of the long-term health of its core business.

This measurement can be subject to more high-level executive "gamesmanship" than sales productivity.
 Summary of IBM CEO Profit (Net Income) Per Employee
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases:​

    Tom Watson Jr.'s 215% growth in profit productivity over 16 years far exceeds any other chief executive officer. Watson Jr. invested in making people more productive, processes more effective, and products more valuable.
  • ​Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases:

    John F. Akers' 188% decrease in profit productivity after shipping the AS/400, System/390 and RS/6000 stands alone. His fall was not for lack of shipment of customer-driven products. The old saying of, "Snatching defeat from the jaws of victory" comes to mind.
  • Most Questionable Profit Per Employee Increases

    Samuel J. Palmisano's string of profit productivity increases. His time as chief executive officer is marked by aggressive bookkeeping (pension reductions) and financial engineering (workforce rebalancing and share buybacks) at the expense of investing to make people more productive, processes more effective, and products more valuable.

    John R. Opel's increases in profit productivity through his lease-to-purchase conversions of the late 1980s. This was a plan, unlike Sam Palmisano's above, that also delivered higher sales productivity.
 At a Glance: Examining a Century of Profit (Net Income) Per Employee
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Post System/360 and System/370, Post 1992-93 Financial Crisis
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Financial Crisis of 1992-93, Post 2013
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1915 to 2020 by Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Thomas J. Watson Sr., Thomas J. Watson Jr., T. Vincent (Vin) Learson, Frank T. Cary, John R. Opel, John F. Akers, Louis V. (Lou) Gerstner, Samuel J. (Sam) Palmisano, Virginia M. (Ginni) Rometty, and Arvind Krishna.
 At a Glance: Examining Two Decades of Profit (Net Income) Per Employee: 1999 – 2020
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: 2005 to 2013
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: 2013 to 2020
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1999 to 2020 by Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Louis V. (Lou) Gerstner, Samuel J. (Sam) Palmisano, Virginia M. (Ginni) Rometty, and Arvind Krishna.
 Thomas J. (Tom) Watson Sr.: May 1914 – May 1956
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Post Recession of 1920-21, Post World War II
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Recession of 1920-21, The Great Depression, WW II and Korean War
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1915 to 1956 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Thomas J. Watson Sr.
 Thomas J. (Tom) Watson Jr.: Jun 1956 – May 1971
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: 1956 to 1958, Post 1965 S/360 Shipment
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Post 1964 S/360 Announcement (delayed shipment)
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1955 to 1971 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Thomas J. Watson Jr.
 T. Vincent (Vin) Learson: Jun 1971 – Dec 1972
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Post S/370 Shipment
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Not Applicable
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1970 to 1973 for IBM Chief Executive Officer T. Vincent (Vin) Learson.
 Frank T. Cary: Jan 1973 – Dec 1980
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Stable increases over full decade
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: 1979
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1971 to 1980 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Frank T. Cary.
 John R. Opel: Jan 1981 – Jan 1985
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Stable increases over full four years
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Not Applicable
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1980 to 1984 for IBM Chief Executive Officer John R. Opel.
 John F. Akers: Feb 1985 – Mar 1993
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: 1990 with S/390 and RS/6000 Availability
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: 1989, 1991 and 1992
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1984 to 1992 for IBM Chief Executive Officer John F. Akers.
 Louis V. (Lou) Gerstner: Apr 1993 – Feb 2002
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: 1994 to 1996, 1999 with pension plan changes
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases:  Flat from 1996 to 1998 and 1999 to 2001
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 1992 to 2001 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Louis V. (Lou) Gerstner.
 Samuel J. (Sam) Palmisano: Mar 2002 – Dec 2011
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: 2008 to 2011 with U.S. and UK Pension Plan Changes
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: 2002 with Change from Gerstner to Palmisano
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 2001 to 2011 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Samuel J. (Sam) Palmisano.
 Virginia M. (Ginni) Rometty: Jan 2012 – Mar 2020
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Increases: Increase from 2017 to 2019
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Drop from 2013 to 2017
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee from 2011 to 2019 for IBM Chief Executive Officer Virginia M. (Ginni) Rometty.
 Arvind Krishna: Apr 2020 – Present
  • Largest Profit Per Employee Decreases: Significant Drop in First Year
A color bar chart showing IBM's yearly net income (profit) per employee for 2020 for Arvind Krishna.

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        • Martin Schroeter
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        • Resource Actions
        • Age Discrimination >
          • Cutting Old Heads
        • Employee Engagement
        • Aren't Buying Into IBM
        • Massive Work Slowdown
        • Failure of Work at Home
      • Financial Engineering >
        • Workforce Rebalancing
        • Aggressive Bookkeeping
      • Shareholders >
        • Share Buybacks
        • Shareholder Risk
        • Employee Engagement
        • Warren Buffett's Mistake
        • Do Share Buybacks Work?
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        • First Year Performance >
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          • Revenue & Profit Growth
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          • Share Buybacks
        • The First 100 Days
      • Ginni Rometty Overview >
        • Shareholder Value
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        • Revenue & Profit Growth
        • Revenue & Profit
  • 20th Century IBM
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        • The Wild Goose
        • Royal Dissenters
        • Corporate Constitution
        • Respect for the Individual
        • Service to the Customer
        • Pursuit of Excellence
    • Corporate Products >
      • 1890: U.S. Census
      • 1920: Dayton Scales
      • 1940: The Electromatic
    • Thomas J. Watson Sr. >
      • Articles by Watson >
        • On World Peace
        • On the Cost of War
        • On Public Education
        • On Thomas Jefferson
        • On Thoughtful Mistakes
        • On Stakeholder Relations
      • Articles about Watson >
        • The $1,000-A-Day Chief Executive Officer
        • Employees are Valued
        • Democracy's Man o' War
        • Human Relations in 1956
        • A CEO Who Earned His Pay
        • The Lengthening Shadow
      • Slice of Life Stories >
        • Dali, Salvador
        • Drucker, Peter F. >
          • Authority and Power
          • Short-Term Thinking
          • A Corporate Culture
          • Raising Business Issues
          • Focus on Principles
          • Character and Manners
          • Knowledge Workers
          • Recognizing Ability
          • Individual Respect
          • Employee Paternalism
        • Eastman, George
        • Penney, J. C. (James Cash) >
          • Watson Homestead
          • Golden Rule Businesses
        • Fighting Discrimination
      • Pre-World War II >
        • A Lost Dream of Peace
        • USO Camp Show Founder
      • World War II Effort >
        • Selling War Bonds
        • Production Awards
        • Controlling Profits
        • Machine Records Units
        • Wartime Contributions
        • Widows & Orphans Fund
        • Declaring Human Rights
        • Supporting Home Morale
        • Employee Military Service
        • War's End & Reconversion
      • Post-World War II >
        • Endicott Memorial
        • Poughkeepsie Memorial
        • Rehiring WWII Veterans
      • A Pajama Party
      • A 1943 Tax Problem
      • The Story of "THINK"
      • A Gift of Retirement
      • Learning from Crises
      • IBM Employee Housing >
        • Construction Timeline
      • Two Journalists "THINK"
      • A Buddy Davis Interview
      • Quotes of Watson
      • Quotes about Watson
      • Women in the Workplace
      • A Successful Rebranding
      • Tom Watson's Wild Ducks
  • Articles
    • Corporate Articles >
      • High-Performance Corporations
      • The Art of the Restart
      • Crises, Recoveries & Lessons Learned
      • Strategy Should Create Human Relationships
      • A Time-Tested Corporate Constitution
      • IBM, JC Penney and The Golden Rule
      • How IBM Created its 20th Century Brand
      • The Greatest Business Risk of the 20th Century
      • How to Grow a Business
      • The Importance of Sales Productivity
      • How Much Is a Great CEO Worth
      • Let Your Guard Down
    • Business Articles >
      • Business Witticism
      • The Golden Rule in Business
      • Who and What Built Early American Capitalism
      • Capitalism Needs Industrialist Minded CEOs
      • Producing Corporate True Steel
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