DISCERNING READERS
  • Home
  • About
  • Books / Bibliography
    • Keys to Success >
      • Preface
      • Introduction
      • Appendix
      • You: The First Key
    • THINK Again! Series >
      • Ideas and High Ideals >
        • Preface
        • Introduction
        • Prologue
        • Insights into Tom Watson >
          • Tom Watson's Character
          • A Wartime Humanitarian
          • Democracy's Man O' War
          • An Exemplary Man
          • On Youth & Education
        • A Successful Rebranding
      • The Rometty Edition >
        • Preface
        • Foreword
        • Introduction
        • Business Talk Interview
        • Book Trailers and Videos
      • The World's Greatest Salesman >
        • Preface
        • Introduction
        • Workplace Safety
        • Images and Quotes
        • Book Trailers / Videos
    • A View from Beneath >
      • Preface
      • Resource Actions >
        • Two R.A. Days Hit Home
        • R.A. Day Kills Productivity
      • Business Talk Interview
      • Book Trailers and Videos
    • Essays on Leadership >
      • Democracy in Business
      • We Are All Assistants >
        • Frank Venner: We Are All Assistants
      • We Forgive Thoughtful Mistakes
    • Bibliography Overview >
      • Authors and Writers >
        • Garland, Hamlin
        • Wise, John S. >
          • Slave Auction
          • Tribute to Robert E. Lee
          • On Lincoln's Assassination
      • Capitalists >
        • Baruch, Bernard M. >
          • My Own Story
          • The Public Years >
            • A Review
            • Second Thoughts
        • Davison, Henry P.
        • Schiff, Jacob H.
      • Educators >
        • Washington, Booker T >
          • Up From Slavery
          • My Life and Work
          • Character Building
          • My Larger Education
          • The Man Farthest Down >
            • Booker T. Washington and John Burns
          • Future of American Negro >
            • Future of the Negro
      • IBM >
        • IBM Books >
          • IBM Classics
          • IBM Executives' Books
          • IBM Employees' Books
          • IBM Outsiders' Books
        • IBM Publications >
          • THINK Magazine
          • Business Machines
          • IBM Heart and Soul >
            • Endicott Memorial Day
            • Poughkeepsie Memorial Day
          • IBM Art Books
        • IBM Situational
      • Industrialists >
        • Anthologies >
          • The Book of Business
          • New Ideals in Business
          • Master Workers' Library
          • The Age of Big Business
          • Famous Leaders Series Home Page >
            • Leaders of Character
            • Leaders of Industry: 1st Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 2nd Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 3rd Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 6th Series
          • Forbes' Anthologies
        • Armour, J. Ogden >
          • The Packers
          • The Packers: Second Look
        • Baldwin, William H.
        • Beatty, Edward
        • Bell, Alexander Graham
        • Carnegie, Andrew >
          • Carnegie Quotes
          • Carnegie Autobiography
          • Carnegie Biography by B. J. Hendrick
          • Round the World
          • The Empire of Business
          • An American Four-in-Hand
        • Eastman, George
        • Edison, Thomas A. >
          • Edison: His Life and Inventions
          • Edison: My Friend
        • Farquhar, A. B.
        • Filene, Edward A. >
          • The Way Out >
            • Captains of Industry vs. Captains of Finance
          • Successful Living >
            • Rules of Success
        • Firestone, Harvey S. >
          • Men and Rubber
          • Making an Organization
        • Flint, Charles R.
        • Ford, Henry >
          • Books by Henry Ford
          • The Last Billionaire
          • My Forty Years with Ford
        • Gary, Elbert H.
        • Guggenheim, William
        • Hill, James J.
        • Hollerith, Herman
        • Johnson, George F.
        • Patterson, John H.
        • Penney, James C. >
          • Fifty Years With the Golden Rule
        • Procter, William C.
        • Rockefeller Jr.
        • Rockefeller Sr.
        • Rosenwald, Julius
        • Sloan Jr., Alfred P.
        • Swope, Gerard >
          • Swope of G.E.
          • The Swope Plan
          • Selected Addresses
        • Verity, George M. >
          • True Steel
          • Character & Success
        • Wanamaker, John >
          • A Business Biography
          • Retail Firsts
        • Watson Jr., Thomas J. >
          • A Business and Its Beliefs
          • Management Briefings
          • Father, Son & Company
        • Watson Sr., Thomas J. >
          • Human Relations
          • Men-Minutes-Money
          • The Lengthening Shadow
        • Young, Owen D. >
          • Selected Addresses
          • New Industrial Leader
      • Inventors & Innovators >
        • Fulton, Robert
        • Goodyear, Charles
      • Journalists >
        • Baker, Ray Stannard >
          • Autobiography
          • The Color Line
          • Woodrow Wilson
        • Crowther, Samuel >
          • Articles >
            • Bantam Ball Bearing
          • Biographies
          • Industrialist Anthology
          • "Why Men Strike" Review
        • Gunther, John >
          • Eisenhower
        • Steffens, Lincoln
        • Sullivan, Mark >
          • Our Times
          • The Education of an American
        • Tarbell, Ida M. >
          • Overview
          • Lincoln Centennial
          • Lincoln Publications
          • Corporate Publications
          • Fiction Publications
          • Other Publications >
            • Mme. (Madame) Roland
          • Magazine Articles >
            • Disbanding the Confederate Army
            • Disbanding the Union Army
        • White, William Allen >
          • Woodrow Wilson, The Man
      • Military Leaders >
        • Lee, General Robert E.
      • Pioneers / Explorers >
        • Byrd, Richard E. >
          • Alone
          • Discovery
          • Little America
        • Columbus, Christopher
        • Lindbergh, Charles
      • Politicians >
        • Eisenhower, Dwight D.
        • Hoover, Herbert >
          • American Individualism Book >
            • American Individualism Article
          • Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
          • Problems of Lasting Peace
        • Lincoln, Abraham >
          • Lincoln in the Telegraph Office
          • Abraham Lincoln Books By Ida M. Tarbell
        • Mesta, Perle
        • O'Connor, Basil and FDR >
          • Friends and Partners (Against Polio)
        • Roosevelt, Theodore >
          • Roosevelt: A Story of Friendship
        • Roper, Daniel C. >
          • Fifty Years of Public Life
        • Taft, William H.
        • Wilson, Woodrow >
          • The New Freedom
          • The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
          • Wilson's Last Words
          • Wilson's Tasks and Life
          • Wilson's Life and Letters >
            • Volume IV: President
            • Volume V: Neutrality
            • Volume VI: Facing War
      • Preachers >
        • Fosdick, Harry Emerson >
          • The Meaning of Prayer
          • The Meaning of Faith
          • The Meaning of Service
          • Power to See It Through
      • Publishers >
        • Forbes, B. C. >
          • Men Who Are Making America
          • Men Who Are Making the West
          • Automotive Giants of America
          • Little Bits about Big Men
          • America's 50 Foremost Business Leaders
          • America's Twelve Master Salesmen
          • Scrapbook of Thoughts on Business of Life
          • 101 Unusual Experiences
          • Keys to Success
          • Teamwork
        • Fortune Magazine >
          • USA: The Permanent Revolution
        • Shaw, A. W. >
          • Handling Men >
            • Why We Are Hiring Women
            • The Dream Behind the Business
          • The Companion Series
    • Research Sites
    • Acknowledgements
  • 21st Century IBM
    • Corporate Performance >
      • Comparing KPIs
      • Brand Performance >
        • Forbes' Best Employer
      • Patent Performance >
        • 2021 Patent Performance
        • 2020 Patent Performance
        • 2019 Patent Performance
        • 2018 Patent Performance
      • Revenue Performance
    • Corporate Practices >
      • Acquisitions >
        • Acquisition: Red Hat >
          • A $35 Billion Gamble
          • IBM + Red Hat 2019 Results
        • Acquisitions: Goodwill
        • Acquisitions: Since 2001
      • Centralization >
        • A Lost Federation
        • The Need to Decentralize
      • Divestitures >
        • Kyndryl Analysis
        • Kyndryl Top Questions
        • Martin Schroeter
      • Employees >
        • Resource Actions
        • Age Discrimination >
          • Cutting Old Heads
        • Employee Engagement
        • Aren't Buying Into IBM
        • Massive Work Slowdown
        • Failure of Work at Home
      • Financial Engineering >
        • Workforce Rebalancing
        • Aggressive Bookkeeping
      • Shareholders >
        • Share Buybacks
        • Shareholder Risk
        • Overall Performance >
          • Revenue & Profit
          • Revenue & Profit Growth
          • Revenue & Profit Productivity
          • IBM Market Value
          • Shareholder Returns & Risk
          • Employment Security
        • Employee Engagement
        • Warren Buffett's Mistake
        • Do Share Buybacks Work?
    • CEO Performance >
      • Arvind Krishna Overview >
        • First Year Performance >
          • Revenue & Profit
          • Revenue & Profit Growth
          • Revenue & Profit Productivity
          • IBM Market Value
          • Shareholder Returns & Risk
          • Share Buybacks
        • The First 100 Days
      • Ginni Rometty Overview >
        • Shareholder Value
        • Shareholder Risk
        • Share Buybacks
        • Dividend Strategy
        • Acquisition Strategy
        • Revenue & Profit Productivity
        • Revenue & Profit Growth
        • Revenue & Profit
  • 20th Century IBM
    • Corporate Performance >
      • IBM's Greatest CEO >
        • Shareholder Returns
        • Revenue Growth
        • Revenue Per Employee
        • Profit Growth
        • Profit Per Employee
        • Market Value
        • Goodwill
        • Economic Contractions
        • Economic Expansions
        • Stock Market Headwinds
        • CEO Historic Footnotes >
          • IBM's Founding Team
          • Financial Engineering
          • The Greatest Gamble
    • Corporate Practices >
      • IBM Anniversaries
      • IBM Benefits
      • IBM Creativity >
        • IBM Cartoons
        • IBM Song Books
        • IBM UK Dictionary
        • IBM Computing Dictionary
      • IBM Wild Ducks >
        • The Wild Goose
        • Royal Dissenters
        • Corporate Constitution
        • Respect for the Individual
        • Service to the Customer
        • Pursuit of Excellence
    • Corporate Products >
      • 1890: U.S. Census
      • Dayton Scales in 1920
      • 1940: The Electromatic
    • Thomas J. Watson Sr. >
      • Quotes By Watson
      • Quotes About Watson
      • Articles By Watson >
        • On World Peace
        • On the Cost of War
        • On Public Education
        • On Thomas Jefferson
        • On Thoughtful Mistakes
        • On Stakeholder Relations
      • Articles About Watson >
        • A Gift of Retirement
        • A Gift of Home Ownership >
          • Construction Timeline
        • The $1,000-A-Day Chief Executive Officer
        • Employees are Valued
        • Democracy's Man o' War
        • Human Relations in 1956
        • A CEO Who Earned His Pay
        • The Story of "THINK" >
          • Two Journalists "THINK"
          • A Buddy Davis Interview
        • Learning from Crises
        • Tom Watson's Wild Ducks
        • The Lengthening Shadow
      • Slice of Life Stories >
        • Dali, Salvador
        • Drucker, Peter F. >
          • Authority and Power
          • Short-Term Thinking
          • A Corporate Culture
          • Raising Business Issues
          • Focus on Principles
          • Character and Manners
          • Knowledge Workers
          • Recognizing Ability
          • Individual Respect
          • Employee Paternalism
        • Eastman, George
        • Penney, J. C. (James Cash) >
          • Watson Homestead
          • Golden Rule Businesses
        • A 1943 Tax Problem
        • Fighting Discrimination
        • A Pajama Party
      • Pre-World War II >
        • Women in the Workplace
        • A Lost Dream of Peace
        • USO Camp Show Founder
      • World War II Effort >
        • Selling War Bonds
        • Production Awards
        • Controlling Profits
        • Machine Records Units
        • Wartime Contributions
        • Widows & Orphans Fund
        • Declaring Human Rights
        • Supporting Home Morale
        • Employee Military Service
        • War's End & Reconversion
      • Post-World War II >
        • Endicott Memorial
        • Poughkeepsie Memorial
        • Rehiring WWII Veterans
  • Articles
    • Corporate Articles >
      • High-Performance Corporations
      • The Art of the Restart
      • Crises, Recoveries & Lessons Learned
      • Strategy Should Create Human Relationships
      • A Time-Tested Corporate Constitution
      • IBM, JC Penney and The Golden Rule
      • How IBM Created its 20th Century Brand
      • The Greatest Business Risk of the 20th Century
      • How to Grow a Business
      • The Importance of Sales Productivity
      • How Much Is a Great CEO Worth
      • Let Your Guard Down
    • Business Articles >
      • Business Witticism
      • The Golden Rule and Productivity in Business
      • Who and What Built Early American Capitalism
      • Capitalism Needs Industrialist Minded CEOs
      • Producing Corporate True Steel
      • CEO Perspectives >
        • Rules of Success
        • Top Employee Qualities
        • Industrialist vs. Capitalist
      • An Open Letter to the World's CEOs
      • Henry Ford Takes Control
      • The Razor Blade Business Model
      • Two Successful 20th Century Businesswomen
      • Sears: A Dead Franchise Walking
      • A LinkedIn Incognito Mode
      • Value a College Education
    • Political Articles >
      • Political Witticisms
      • Meritocracy and Teachable Humility
      • What Is Patriotism?
      • Presidents' Day 2024-25
      • Memorial Day 2025
      • Pursuing The "American Way"
      • America: Home of the Brave
      • Securing the Borders of the Americas
      • General Grant's Stand for Justice
      • America's Heartland Stands Strong
      • The New Freedom
      • Teddy Roosevelt on Socialism & Individualism
      • Women as Citizens
      • Mary Slessor of Calabar
      • Walt Rostow Speaks to Congress
    • Spiritual Articles >
      • Inauguration Day Prayer
      • Reincarnated Thoughts >
        • Why Lies Should Never Be Glorified
        • Are You More Than A Wise Entrepreneur?
        • A World of Peace or Turbulence?
      • Wilson's Last Words
      • Spiritual Songs
    • Fiction Articles >
      • A Father's Love
      • Introducing a Friend to God
      • Hyphenated Relationships
  • Contact
  • Blog

High Ideals for the 21st Century
"Tom Watson on Youth and Education"

Tom Watson Sr. Quotes on Youth, Education, and the Future

Date Published: January 1, 2024
High quality slide with a picture of the front cover of THINK Again! and the tagline:
Insights into Thomas J. Watson Sr., Traditional Founder of IBM from
"THINK Again!: 20th Century Ideas and High Ideals for the 21st Century"
Tom Watson’s High Ideals on Youth, Education, and the Future
The topic of Tom Watson's last editorial was “Youth.” It was written at 82 years of age—in the very month of his death. Over his lifetime, Tom Watson delivered innumerable baccalaureate addresses to college graduates—to youth at a critical point in their lives. This is a small collection of his advice dispersed on such occasions. This author has documented that—at a minimum—Tom Watson spoke as a lecturer, commencement speaker, or principal speaker at more than twenty-one commencement exercises at U.S. colleges and universities.
* * * * * * * * *
​“We have no right to feel that we are doing a good educational job until we can offer an opportunity to every child regardless of his station in life.”
​Tom Watson, Rollins College, February 1937
​“Age is not measured by year. Age is measured by vision. Some men are old at 40 and others are young at 80.”
​Tom Watson, Tusculum College, June 1946
​“It is not so important to fit students for a specific work as it is to teach them the philosophy of life, the value of character and culture, and the importance of ideas and ideals to the end of preparing them for useful and progressive citizenship. Money standards may change; political parties may decline; but as long as our educators advance, the world is safe.”
​Tom Watson, Lafayette College, October 1931
​“Neither great natural resources nor engineering skill can build a successful civilization on any foundation other than character. Never confuse character with reputation. Reputation is what people think you are; character is what you really are. … If we could not depend on the integrity and character of the great majority of our fellow men, it would be impossible to operate a business establishment. … The most valuable asset that you have is character.”
​Tom Watson, Colgate University, June 1936
​“The young people of today are, in my judgment, growing up with more intelligence and tolerance than those of the past. … That is why I am so optimistic about the future. … When you get out on your own, you are going to need to guard against two types of minds: The reactionary, which believes that nothing new should ever be tried; and the radical, which thinks the impossible can be accomplished immediately. I hope that you students will stay in the center and develop a progressive mind.”
​Tom Watson, Huntingdon College Chapel, March 1941
​“You must guard yourselves against the reactionary mind, the ‘cannot’ mind, which tells us that ‘it cannot be done; we tried that, and it did not work.’ The only way to get anywhere is by trying something. … Guard yourselves against those … who feel we are still living in another generation. Many of them are losing sight of the fact that we are living in a changed world and that the old formulas no longer work.”
​Tom Watson, Cumberland University, June 1936
​“There is only one thing that I can guarantee to you about the future, and that is that the future is the place where you are going to spend the rest of your lives. … [but] there is no mystery about success in that future. If you will think right, work and apply the rules of common sense, with a firm belief in your own ability—success will be assured.”
​Tom Watson, Oglethorpe University, May 1939
​“The real strength of a nation, or of the world, is not in its material resources but in its human assets. The world’s future will be in the hands of the youth of today. What these young men and women will become tomorrow depends upon the education and moral training they receive today. They will make this a good world in which to live if they possess the moral fiber which comes from a sincere appreciation of spiritual values and the constant development of character in all their human relationships.”
​Tom Watson, Youth Week Endorsement, January 1946
RETURN TO "INSIGHTS INTO TOM WATSON" HOME PAGE
Image of the spine of the book THINK Again!: 20th Century Ideas and High Ideals for the 21st Century.
© 2025 Peter E. Greulich. All Rights Reserved
Information posted on this site recognizes the legal right of copyrighted material. The following material is considered in the public domain effective January 1, 2025: (1) Works published in the United States prior to January 1, 1929, (2) All unpublished works created over 120 years ago, (3) Works published in the United States before 1978 that have no © copyright notice, and (4) Works published in the United States after 1929 but before 1964 with a proper © copyright notice that were not renewed in their 28th year. Some information is used here that does not fit this criteria. This type of material has been purposely minimized, and it is used in good faith, usually with an attribution, and in the belief that such usage would withstand a test of fair use. This site also utilizes images from Pixabay that are "free to use under the Pixabay license" and "do not require attribution." Any concerns with the public domain, fair usage, or attribution of material utilized on this site will be removed until a discussion can resolve the matter with its permanent removal or republication. To reach us, use the "Contact" menu item above or this hyperlink: [Contact Us]
  • Home
  • About
  • Books / Bibliography
    • Keys to Success >
      • Preface
      • Introduction
      • Appendix
      • You: The First Key
    • THINK Again! Series >
      • Ideas and High Ideals >
        • Preface
        • Introduction
        • Prologue
        • Insights into Tom Watson >
          • Tom Watson's Character
          • A Wartime Humanitarian
          • Democracy's Man O' War
          • An Exemplary Man
          • On Youth & Education
        • A Successful Rebranding
      • The Rometty Edition >
        • Preface
        • Foreword
        • Introduction
        • Business Talk Interview
        • Book Trailers and Videos
      • The World's Greatest Salesman >
        • Preface
        • Introduction
        • Workplace Safety
        • Images and Quotes
        • Book Trailers / Videos
    • A View from Beneath >
      • Preface
      • Resource Actions >
        • Two R.A. Days Hit Home
        • R.A. Day Kills Productivity
      • Business Talk Interview
      • Book Trailers and Videos
    • Essays on Leadership >
      • Democracy in Business
      • We Are All Assistants >
        • Frank Venner: We Are All Assistants
      • We Forgive Thoughtful Mistakes
    • Bibliography Overview >
      • Authors and Writers >
        • Garland, Hamlin
        • Wise, John S. >
          • Slave Auction
          • Tribute to Robert E. Lee
          • On Lincoln's Assassination
      • Capitalists >
        • Baruch, Bernard M. >
          • My Own Story
          • The Public Years >
            • A Review
            • Second Thoughts
        • Davison, Henry P.
        • Schiff, Jacob H.
      • Educators >
        • Washington, Booker T >
          • Up From Slavery
          • My Life and Work
          • Character Building
          • My Larger Education
          • The Man Farthest Down >
            • Booker T. Washington and John Burns
          • Future of American Negro >
            • Future of the Negro
      • IBM >
        • IBM Books >
          • IBM Classics
          • IBM Executives' Books
          • IBM Employees' Books
          • IBM Outsiders' Books
        • IBM Publications >
          • THINK Magazine
          • Business Machines
          • IBM Heart and Soul >
            • Endicott Memorial Day
            • Poughkeepsie Memorial Day
          • IBM Art Books
        • IBM Situational
      • Industrialists >
        • Anthologies >
          • The Book of Business
          • New Ideals in Business
          • Master Workers' Library
          • The Age of Big Business
          • Famous Leaders Series Home Page >
            • Leaders of Character
            • Leaders of Industry: 1st Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 2nd Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 3rd Series
            • Leaders of Industry: 6th Series
          • Forbes' Anthologies
        • Armour, J. Ogden >
          • The Packers
          • The Packers: Second Look
        • Baldwin, William H.
        • Beatty, Edward
        • Bell, Alexander Graham
        • Carnegie, Andrew >
          • Carnegie Quotes
          • Carnegie Autobiography
          • Carnegie Biography by B. J. Hendrick
          • Round the World
          • The Empire of Business
          • An American Four-in-Hand
        • Eastman, George
        • Edison, Thomas A. >
          • Edison: His Life and Inventions
          • Edison: My Friend
        • Farquhar, A. B.
        • Filene, Edward A. >
          • The Way Out >
            • Captains of Industry vs. Captains of Finance
          • Successful Living >
            • Rules of Success
        • Firestone, Harvey S. >
          • Men and Rubber
          • Making an Organization
        • Flint, Charles R.
        • Ford, Henry >
          • Books by Henry Ford
          • The Last Billionaire
          • My Forty Years with Ford
        • Gary, Elbert H.
        • Guggenheim, William
        • Hill, James J.
        • Hollerith, Herman
        • Johnson, George F.
        • Patterson, John H.
        • Penney, James C. >
          • Fifty Years With the Golden Rule
        • Procter, William C.
        • Rockefeller Jr.
        • Rockefeller Sr.
        • Rosenwald, Julius
        • Sloan Jr., Alfred P.
        • Swope, Gerard >
          • Swope of G.E.
          • The Swope Plan
          • Selected Addresses
        • Verity, George M. >
          • True Steel
          • Character & Success
        • Wanamaker, John >
          • A Business Biography
          • Retail Firsts
        • Watson Jr., Thomas J. >
          • A Business and Its Beliefs
          • Management Briefings
          • Father, Son & Company
        • Watson Sr., Thomas J. >
          • Human Relations
          • Men-Minutes-Money
          • The Lengthening Shadow
        • Young, Owen D. >
          • Selected Addresses
          • New Industrial Leader
      • Inventors & Innovators >
        • Fulton, Robert
        • Goodyear, Charles
      • Journalists >
        • Baker, Ray Stannard >
          • Autobiography
          • The Color Line
          • Woodrow Wilson
        • Crowther, Samuel >
          • Articles >
            • Bantam Ball Bearing
          • Biographies
          • Industrialist Anthology
          • "Why Men Strike" Review
        • Gunther, John >
          • Eisenhower
        • Steffens, Lincoln
        • Sullivan, Mark >
          • Our Times
          • The Education of an American
        • Tarbell, Ida M. >
          • Overview
          • Lincoln Centennial
          • Lincoln Publications
          • Corporate Publications
          • Fiction Publications
          • Other Publications >
            • Mme. (Madame) Roland
          • Magazine Articles >
            • Disbanding the Confederate Army
            • Disbanding the Union Army
        • White, William Allen >
          • Woodrow Wilson, The Man
      • Military Leaders >
        • Lee, General Robert E.
      • Pioneers / Explorers >
        • Byrd, Richard E. >
          • Alone
          • Discovery
          • Little America
        • Columbus, Christopher
        • Lindbergh, Charles
      • Politicians >
        • Eisenhower, Dwight D.
        • Hoover, Herbert >
          • American Individualism Book >
            • American Individualism Article
          • Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
          • Problems of Lasting Peace
        • Lincoln, Abraham >
          • Lincoln in the Telegraph Office
          • Abraham Lincoln Books By Ida M. Tarbell
        • Mesta, Perle
        • O'Connor, Basil and FDR >
          • Friends and Partners (Against Polio)
        • Roosevelt, Theodore >
          • Roosevelt: A Story of Friendship
        • Roper, Daniel C. >
          • Fifty Years of Public Life
        • Taft, William H.
        • Wilson, Woodrow >
          • The New Freedom
          • The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson
          • Wilson's Last Words
          • Wilson's Tasks and Life
          • Wilson's Life and Letters >
            • Volume IV: President
            • Volume V: Neutrality
            • Volume VI: Facing War
      • Preachers >
        • Fosdick, Harry Emerson >
          • The Meaning of Prayer
          • The Meaning of Faith
          • The Meaning of Service
          • Power to See It Through
      • Publishers >
        • Forbes, B. C. >
          • Men Who Are Making America
          • Men Who Are Making the West
          • Automotive Giants of America
          • Little Bits about Big Men
          • America's 50 Foremost Business Leaders
          • America's Twelve Master Salesmen
          • Scrapbook of Thoughts on Business of Life
          • 101 Unusual Experiences
          • Keys to Success
          • Teamwork
        • Fortune Magazine >
          • USA: The Permanent Revolution
        • Shaw, A. W. >
          • Handling Men >
            • Why We Are Hiring Women
            • The Dream Behind the Business
          • The Companion Series
    • Research Sites
    • Acknowledgements
  • 21st Century IBM
    • Corporate Performance >
      • Comparing KPIs
      • Brand Performance >
        • Forbes' Best Employer
      • Patent Performance >
        • 2021 Patent Performance
        • 2020 Patent Performance
        • 2019 Patent Performance
        • 2018 Patent Performance
      • Revenue Performance
    • Corporate Practices >
      • Acquisitions >
        • Acquisition: Red Hat >
          • A $35 Billion Gamble
          • IBM + Red Hat 2019 Results
        • Acquisitions: Goodwill
        • Acquisitions: Since 2001
      • Centralization >
        • A Lost Federation
        • The Need to Decentralize
      • Divestitures >
        • Kyndryl Analysis
        • Kyndryl Top Questions
        • Martin Schroeter
      • Employees >
        • Resource Actions
        • Age Discrimination >
          • Cutting Old Heads
        • Employee Engagement
        • Aren't Buying Into IBM
        • Massive Work Slowdown
        • Failure of Work at Home
      • Financial Engineering >
        • Workforce Rebalancing
        • Aggressive Bookkeeping
      • Shareholders >
        • Share Buybacks
        • Shareholder Risk
        • Overall Performance >
          • Revenue & Profit
          • Revenue & Profit Growth
          • Revenue & Profit Productivity
          • IBM Market Value
          • Shareholder Returns & Risk
          • Employment Security
        • Employee Engagement
        • Warren Buffett's Mistake
        • Do Share Buybacks Work?
    • CEO Performance >
      • Arvind Krishna Overview >
        • First Year Performance >
          • Revenue & Profit
          • Revenue & Profit Growth
          • Revenue & Profit Productivity
          • IBM Market Value
          • Shareholder Returns & Risk
          • Share Buybacks
        • The First 100 Days
      • Ginni Rometty Overview >
        • Shareholder Value
        • Shareholder Risk
        • Share Buybacks
        • Dividend Strategy
        • Acquisition Strategy
        • Revenue & Profit Productivity
        • Revenue & Profit Growth
        • Revenue & Profit
  • 20th Century IBM
    • Corporate Performance >
      • IBM's Greatest CEO >
        • Shareholder Returns
        • Revenue Growth
        • Revenue Per Employee
        • Profit Growth
        • Profit Per Employee
        • Market Value
        • Goodwill
        • Economic Contractions
        • Economic Expansions
        • Stock Market Headwinds
        • CEO Historic Footnotes >
          • IBM's Founding Team
          • Financial Engineering
          • The Greatest Gamble
    • Corporate Practices >
      • IBM Anniversaries
      • IBM Benefits
      • IBM Creativity >
        • IBM Cartoons
        • IBM Song Books
        • IBM UK Dictionary
        • IBM Computing Dictionary
      • IBM Wild Ducks >
        • The Wild Goose
        • Royal Dissenters
        • Corporate Constitution
        • Respect for the Individual
        • Service to the Customer
        • Pursuit of Excellence
    • Corporate Products >
      • 1890: U.S. Census
      • Dayton Scales in 1920
      • 1940: The Electromatic
    • Thomas J. Watson Sr. >
      • Quotes By Watson
      • Quotes About Watson
      • Articles By Watson >
        • On World Peace
        • On the Cost of War
        • On Public Education
        • On Thomas Jefferson
        • On Thoughtful Mistakes
        • On Stakeholder Relations
      • Articles About Watson >
        • A Gift of Retirement
        • A Gift of Home Ownership >
          • Construction Timeline
        • The $1,000-A-Day Chief Executive Officer
        • Employees are Valued
        • Democracy's Man o' War
        • Human Relations in 1956
        • A CEO Who Earned His Pay
        • The Story of "THINK" >
          • Two Journalists "THINK"
          • A Buddy Davis Interview
        • Learning from Crises
        • Tom Watson's Wild Ducks
        • The Lengthening Shadow
      • Slice of Life Stories >
        • Dali, Salvador
        • Drucker, Peter F. >
          • Authority and Power
          • Short-Term Thinking
          • A Corporate Culture
          • Raising Business Issues
          • Focus on Principles
          • Character and Manners
          • Knowledge Workers
          • Recognizing Ability
          • Individual Respect
          • Employee Paternalism
        • Eastman, George
        • Penney, J. C. (James Cash) >
          • Watson Homestead
          • Golden Rule Businesses
        • A 1943 Tax Problem
        • Fighting Discrimination
        • A Pajama Party
      • Pre-World War II >
        • Women in the Workplace
        • A Lost Dream of Peace
        • USO Camp Show Founder
      • World War II Effort >
        • Selling War Bonds
        • Production Awards
        • Controlling Profits
        • Machine Records Units
        • Wartime Contributions
        • Widows & Orphans Fund
        • Declaring Human Rights
        • Supporting Home Morale
        • Employee Military Service
        • War's End & Reconversion
      • Post-World War II >
        • Endicott Memorial
        • Poughkeepsie Memorial
        • Rehiring WWII Veterans
  • Articles
    • Corporate Articles >
      • High-Performance Corporations
      • The Art of the Restart
      • Crises, Recoveries & Lessons Learned
      • Strategy Should Create Human Relationships
      • A Time-Tested Corporate Constitution
      • IBM, JC Penney and The Golden Rule
      • How IBM Created its 20th Century Brand
      • The Greatest Business Risk of the 20th Century
      • How to Grow a Business
      • The Importance of Sales Productivity
      • How Much Is a Great CEO Worth
      • Let Your Guard Down
    • Business Articles >
      • Business Witticism
      • The Golden Rule and Productivity in Business
      • Who and What Built Early American Capitalism
      • Capitalism Needs Industrialist Minded CEOs
      • Producing Corporate True Steel
      • CEO Perspectives >
        • Rules of Success
        • Top Employee Qualities
        • Industrialist vs. Capitalist
      • An Open Letter to the World's CEOs
      • Henry Ford Takes Control
      • The Razor Blade Business Model
      • Two Successful 20th Century Businesswomen
      • Sears: A Dead Franchise Walking
      • A LinkedIn Incognito Mode
      • Value a College Education
    • Political Articles >
      • Political Witticisms
      • Meritocracy and Teachable Humility
      • What Is Patriotism?
      • Presidents' Day 2024-25
      • Memorial Day 2025
      • Pursuing The "American Way"
      • America: Home of the Brave
      • Securing the Borders of the Americas
      • General Grant's Stand for Justice
      • America's Heartland Stands Strong
      • The New Freedom
      • Teddy Roosevelt on Socialism & Individualism
      • Women as Citizens
      • Mary Slessor of Calabar
      • Walt Rostow Speaks to Congress
    • Spiritual Articles >
      • Inauguration Day Prayer
      • Reincarnated Thoughts >
        • Why Lies Should Never Be Glorified
        • Are You More Than A Wise Entrepreneur?
        • A World of Peace or Turbulence?
      • Wilson's Last Words
      • Spiritual Songs
    • Fiction Articles >
      • A Father's Love
      • Introducing a Friend to God
      • Hyphenated Relationships
  • Contact
  • Blog