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IBM Wartime Contributions

IBM Endicott and Poughkeepsie Wartime Engineering Projects

Date Published: August 30, 2021
Date Modified: June 29, 2024
Black and white slide showing IBM employees looking on the 7A3 Bombing Trainer with the tagline:
 The IBM Corporation Heard the Country's Call to Service
For the benefit of the new employees, I wish to state that our company manufactured thirty-eight major munition products, that IBM inventors and engineers worked on ninety-nine developments for the war program, and that our extensive building and expansion program to meet the demands made upon us by the government was financed entirely by the company.
Watson Sr., National Telephone Conference, October 25, 1946
Below are examples of IBM's munition's contributions to the war effort. One contribution was the creation of Machine Record Units (MRUs) that made information available to Allied commanders in the field.

​This was such a wartime advantage that the German High Command gave orders to capture one of these Machine Records Units—with all their personnel alive!
Picture of Machine Records Unit (MRU).
​IBM also contributed to the war effort by producing the following: (This is not a complete list. It is constantly updated as more research is completed.)
 Poughkeepsie Plant
  • ​Army-Navy "E" Award on September 18, 1943
  • Second Award (Star) on April 8, 1944​
  • Third Award (Star) on October 21, 1944
  • ​Fourth Award (Star) on June 2, 1945
  • ​10,500 20-millimeter automatic aircraft cannons. IBM Poughkeepsie was only one of four prime contractors in the nation authorized to produce these cannons. Small precision parts for the airplane cannons were produced in Endicott [updated on January 1, 2022].
  • 3-inch tank gun. Small precision parts for the 3-inch tank gun were produced in Endicott - [updated March 4, 2021].
  • 346,500 M1 .30-Caliber Carbines
    • ​Two sites for more information on the M1 Carbine: (1) The U.S. Carbine Caliber 30 Home Page and (2) ​The Carbine Collectors Club Forum [these sites do not utilize "https" and your browser may notify you that they are not secure].​
  • ​20,000 .30-Caliber Browning Automatic Rifles (BAR).
  • 88,000 Specialized Bolts for .50-Caliber Browning Machine Gun [updated January 1, 2022].
  • 176,741 Supercharger impellers. A major component of the super-charger without which engines of high-altitude bombers and transport aircraft would be unable to operate [updated January 1, 2022].
  • 77,656 Grenade launchers [updated January 1, 2022].
  • 11,000 B-29 Superfortress air compressors for bomber turrets [updated January 1, 2022].
  • A-26 bomber turrets.
  • 420 P-80 fighter rotor compressors. A major component of the jet-propulsion war planes [updated January 1, 2022].
 Endicott Plant
  • ​Army-Navy "E" Award on November 21, 1942
  • Second Award (Star) on August 28, 1943
  • Third Award (Star) on May 27, 1944​
  • ​Fourth Award (Star) on November 25, 1944
  • Fifth Award (Star) on July 21, 1945
  • ​​​​Machine Records Units
  • ​The IBM Endicott Plant employees were awarded the Minute Man Flag as 90+ percent of them invested 10+ percent of their gross pay in War Savings Bonds. IBM Endicott officials said that the actual participation rate was 100%. ​They pointed out that 96.4% of employees were buying through the company’s payroll plan, and that the remainder had made private arrangements.

  • ​​IBM’s resident executive (presumably John L. Barton pictured to the left) said that the percentage of the total payroll going to war bonds was 11.3%. When IBM passed on giving a total dollar amount, the Binghamton Press did an unofficial estimate: more than $30,000 a week.
Picture of John Barton accepting Minute Man flag for IBM bond purchases during World War II.
 IBM
  • ​​In 1945, IBM receives a quality control "A" rating from the U.S. Army Air Force
  • ​IBM installation in Richland, Washington plays an important role in the development of the Atomic Bomb. IBM equipment (the 601 Multiplier) is used in the computation of statistical data relative to the production of plutonium.​
 Thomas J. Watson Sr.
  • ​​​​​​Thomas J. Watson Sr. was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Harry S. Truman; presented by Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson in Washington, D. C., on May 19, 1947.
  • Mrs. Watson also did her part as can be seen in the picture provided of her christening a naval minesweeper.
Picture of Mrs. Thomas J. Watson christening a naval minesweeper.
 Researching (claimed in print but still verifying)
  • Naval and Aircraft ​Fire Control Instruments
  • B-29 Superfortress fire control mechanism
    • ​​There is one article that claims this was developed by IBM and IBM Endicott was definitely at least one of the manufacturing sites.
    • Also see below for the sight component.
  • Director and Prediction Units for 90 mm anti-aircraft guns
  • Bomb Sights​​
  • Tank-turret gun control​
  • ​Devices to speed training in:
    • Bombing (See 7A-3 Bombing Trainer below)
    • Aerial Gunnery from fast flying planes
    • Navigation of amphibious landing craft​​
  • Navigational devices (See Odograph below)
  • Instrument for directing torpedoes from aircraft
  • Gun controls and firing data computers​
  • Indicators and recorders which automated wind tunnel testing of airplanes​
  • War Bond Assemblies so that War Savings Bonds could be sold simultaneously in all parts of the country
  • B-29 Superfortress fire control mechanism.
    • Retoflector (or Reflector?) Sight: This was a single component of the overall fire control mechanism. A small box, open at both ends and containing optical glass. The B-29 gunner registers the size of the enemy plane by ringing the image of the airplane in a circle of red dots of light. This is one part of an overall defense system against enemy aircraft.

      This is a critical part of a B-29 Superfortress aircraft gunfire control system. The system employs electronic and mechanical parts that enables a gunner to target an enemy craft through one or more of five gun turrets with deadly accuracy.

      ​The gunner sights an enemy plane through this small box (retoflector). A push on a button projects a circle of luminous red dots which the gunner only needs to keep trained on the enemy plane while pressing a trigger that fires the gun (or multiple guns) under his control. Included in this B-29 defense system are instruments that calculate the speed of the plane, the speed of the enemy aircraft, altitudes, temperature, wind velocity, and other factors that enable the downing of an enemy aircraft. As long as the gunner keeps the image of the enemy plane within the circle of red dots, he is going to hit his target.

      Plant of manufacture of the sight is uncertain - possibly IBM Rochester, New York. (updated October 21, 2021)

​ The Radiotype
"Every phase of our war effort was affected by your equipment. The setting up of overseas as well as domestic wireless circuits with Radiotype, which sent and received messages automatically and typed them out on the typewriter, was one of the most important contributions.
Brigadier General F. W. Stoner, Chief of Army Communications
Excerpt from Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM
Picture of Radiotype demonstration.

 Odograph: The First "GPS" Navigation Device
What was an Odograph?
​The Odograph was a jeep-mounted device. Its official name was "The M-1 Automatic Road Reconnaissance Device" that assisted the military in making maps that were critical to its operations—such as calling in accurate artillery strikes, controlling troop movements, performing tactical reconnaissance, or plotting enemy or friendly troop positions relative to a given base of operations.

It was an instrument used by the armed forces during World War II to automatically plot on a map the course taken by a moving vehicle. ​Fundamentally, it was a GPS device that functioned without satellites—a rose by any other name is still a rose, eh?
Picture of Odograph demonstration in a jeep.
How did the Odograph work?
The Odograph, consisted of four principal components: (1) a compass—which monitored direction and was modified so that the "magnetic material" in a jeep did not affect its accuracy, (2) a cable—which was attached to the speedometer to monitor distance, (3) a plotting "brain"—which combined the direction and distance information to direct a plotting pencil which tracked a jeep's actual course on a map to scale, and finally, (4) a power pack. By September of 1944, the machine had been in production "for a year." ​

It was developed by IBM under the direction of corporate inventors and engineers. In October 1945, George F. Daly joined the IBM Quarter Century Club. At this time, he was credited with a total of 54 patents and, during World War II, he worked on a project that built an "automatic map making device" for the U.S. Army: the Odograph.

​(This article was updated on September 7, 2022).

 7A-3 Bombing Trainer: Device to Speed Training
​A bombing simulator that trained new bombardiers in dead reckoning navigation, intercommunication procedures, evasive actions and many other problems that would be found in actual combat flights. It avoided the limitations, risks, and expense of actual bombing instruction “in flight.” The simulator could be stopped at any moment to permit further instruction or an analysis of errors—and restarted.

​The simulator could be stopped at any moment to permit further instruction or an analysis of errors—and restarted. The trainer consisted of a replica of the bombardier’s compartment, as it was fitted with all of the instruments, controls, and latest bombsight found in the actual plane.

The success of the simulator was proven in that students—in numerous cases—when on their first flight, dropped bombs to qualify themselves for duty.
Picture of 7A-3 Bombing Trainer in Operation.

If you are an IBM veteran that served during World War II or the Korean War and have a story to share, use the "Contact" menu item above or below to reach out to us. There is still so much to be researched and written about.
​Here is one as an example (select image to read full screen).
​"The discovery that the "brain machine" can be used in solving these complicated equations, so necessary in blade design, may prove a substantial contribution to the war effort. "It enables us to attain a greater degree of accuracy and releases our engineers to better utilize the time formerly spent in working out these problems."
Foster B. Stulen, Chief Blade Design Engineer
​Curtiss-Wright Corporation Propeller Division
News article about Curtiss

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